History of the World, Part V
Transforming the Land
Wednesday, June 30, 2004
by Mark Goldhaber, Staff Writer
Swamps. Lots and lots of swamps. And lots of trees. And a water table
just below ground level. And a weed-infested lake. Turn it into the “Vacation
Kingdom of the World.” Doesn't sound like an easy task, does it?
But that's what the Imagineers faced when they started site preparations
to turn Disney's 43 square miles of land in Florida into Walt Disney World.
When we left off last time, Walt had died, but Roy had continued the
project, lining up both the Reedy Creek Improvement District-enabling
legislation and the financing (through convertible debentures) for the
project's construction. Now, let's talk about transforming the inhospitable
terrain into the most popular hospitality destination in the world.
Early on, some of the Disney financial staff had pushed to have the Magic
Kingdom built near the intersection of I-4 and U.S. 192 in order to make
it easy for people to get to the park and to avoid having to drain and
fill all of the land to reach the back of the property. Dick Nunis went
to Roy O. Disney and told him that Walt's plan was to put the park in
the back to draw people into the property, and that preparing the land
at the start was essential. Roy backed Walt's plan, deciding to locate
the Magic Kingdom where Walt had put it, in the far northeast corner of
the property.
First, though, back to the beginning.
Back in October 1965, a month before Walt held the press conference to
officially announce the project, planning began on the site. Water control
and drainage studies were done. Trees and brush were cleared on 300 acres
in the northwest corner of the property. By August 1966, outside engineers
had created a detailed water reclamation management plan for the property.
Once the Reedy Creek legislation was passed by the Florida legislature
and signed by Governor Kirk, true work finally commenced on May 30, 1967,
with actual construction beginning two years later in April 1969.
The work began with the site prep, led by General Joe Potter who—through
his experience commanding huge projects for the Army Corps of Engineers—had
the necessary expertise to transform the land from wetlands to a verdant
resort.
Crews built 47 miles of canals and 22 miles of levees. They installed
24 water control structures—double-ballasted, non-powered flow control
gates that could regulate themselves without intervention. They built
the canals not in grids, as was customary at the time, but conformed them
to the natural landscape to look like rivers and streams, a choice championed
by John Hench.
Work also began on Bay Lake. The 406-acre lake was choked with weeds
and algae, which were so thick that the water was opaque, even at the
surface. An adjacent 185 acres of wetlands were deemed unusable, so they
decided to dredge it and create another body of water to extend Bay Lake,
creating Seven Seas Lagoon. They built a water bridge to connect the two
bodies of water.
The Seven Seas Lagoon dredging provided more than seven million cubic
yards of earth, which they used to raise the ground at the theme park
site an average of 14 feet. On that site, they built a network of offices,
corridors, and utilities, then backfilled with the earth from the lagoon.
They would build Magic Kingdom theme park on top of this site. The lagoon,
dredged to an average depth of 10 feet, would provide a buffer between
the parking area and the theme park, a blessing that had been unavailable
at Disneyland because of a lack of land.
Meanwhile, Bay Lake's 3.5 billion gallons of water was completely drained
with pumps. A layer of muck eight feet deep was removed from the lake
bed, revealing thousands of tons of white sand. The discovery of the sand
allowed the construction team to serve two purposes at once. Not only
did they clear the bottom of the lake and make it safe for boats and swimmers
(for a time), but the sand was removed from the lake bed, cleaned, and
used to line the 4.5 miles of beach surrounding the Seven Seas Lagoon
and Bay Lake. Once the lake bed had been cleared, they refilled the lake
with cleaned water and stocked it with 70,000 fingerling bass.
General Potter oversaw the construction of all utilities and public works,
including a power plant, sewage treatment plants, maintenance shops, food
distribution center, the largest laundry facility in the world, utility
infrastructure, and the roadways. Potter was also named president of the
Reedy Creek Improvement District, which allowed him to create a streamlined
submission-and-approval process for all construction designs.
Potter also created a new phone company, Vista-United Telecommunications,
to manage the new telephone and data communications infrastructure. Vista-United
would be the first phone system to use underground cabling, the first
to use fiber optics in a commercial venture, and the first phone company
in Florida to implement an Emergency 911 system.
They built roadways to handle traffic around the property. A four-lane
highway brought guests from U.S. 192 to the Magic Kingdom toll plaza,
and to the resort hotels. Other roadways went to production areas, assembly
plants, and other “backstage” facilities.
They also created a tree farm north of the Magic Kingdom area to accommodate
the trees being acquired from around the globe, as well as the trees being
relocated within the property, before they were replanted elsewhere on
the property. Nearly 1,500 trees were relocated on the property, and over
60,000 plants and 800 varieties of trees were acquired, moved, acclimated,
and transplanted all over the property by October 1970. By the time the
resort opened a year later, the tree farm was moved to the southeast corner
of the property to make way for more maintenance facilities behind the
park.
While General Joe Potter was overseeing the public works throughout the
property, Admiral Joe Fowler was overseeing the private works, such as
the hotels and theme parks. We'll start talking about that next time.
Thoughts, questions, or comments? Contact Mark here.
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History of the World, Part I
– The history of Walt Disney World starts with the completion
of Disneyland.
History of the World, Part II –
Disney selects a site.
History of the World, Part III –
Walt's plans for the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow.
History of the World, Part IV –
Reaction to Walt Disney's death.
History of the World, Part V –
The engineering problems of working in a swamp.
History of the World, Part VI –
The original plans for five hotels.
History of the World, Part VII –
Construction begins for the Magic Kingdom.
Foglesong, Richard E. Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney
World and Orlando. Yale University Press, 2003 (buy).
France, Van Arsdale, Window on Main Street: 35 Years of
Creating Happiness at Disneyland Park. Stabur Press, 1991 (buy).
Green, Howard E. and Amy Boothe, Remembering Walt: Favorite
Memories of Walt Disney. Hyperion Press, 1999 (buy).
Greene, Katherine and Richard, Inside the Dream: The Personal
Story of Walt Disney. Hyperion Press, 2001 (buy).
Greene, Katherine and Richard, The Man Behind the Magic:
The Story of Walt Disney. Viking Press, 1991. Out of print (buy
Viking Children's Book 1998 edition).
Kurtti, Jeff, Since the World Began: Walt Disney World The
First 25 Years. Disney Editions, 1996. Out of print (buy).
The Quotable Walt Disney. Disney Editions, 2001 (buy).
Thomas, Bob, Building a Company: Roy O. Disney and the Creation
of the Disney Empire. Disney Editions, 1999 (buy).
Thomas, Bob, Walt Disney: An American Original. Disney
Editions, 1994 (buy).
The definitive biography of Walt, as far as I'm concerned. – Mark
Mark is a veteran of many trips to Walt Disney World starting in 1972, with a few Disneyland trips also under his belt. He is also a Disney stockholder and a Disney Vacation Club member who collects Disney sericels, books, clothing, and just about any other thing with The Mouse on it that he can lay his hands on. Between visiting WDW, planning trips for himself and others, fantasizing about trips to WDW, and reading everything he can about Walt Disney and his legacy, there's not much time left for anything other than family time, but he's perfectly happy with that. Mark is a computer geek working for the State of New York. He lives in the suburbs outside Albany, New York, with his wife and son. Click here to contact Mark. 
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